ABSTRACT
In order to solve the problem of poor communication, low efficiency of consultation, and even affecting self-confidence caused by unskilled skills and insufficient cooperation with patients in the real clinic, and to solve the problem during the clinical thinking training that beginners do not know how to organize effective information and complete the process of diagnosis and differential diagnosis more efficiently. By applying the artificial intelligence (AI) virtual patient (VP) system to the process of teaching diagnostic knowledge and clinical thinking training. It provides the students with the experience of simulating the diagnosis and treatment of the clinical real scene. Let the students talk with the VP system for inquiry training and then go to the clinic to give the real patients inquiry and by simulating the process of treating the real patients, let the students take the initiative to complete the collection of medical records and clinical decision-making under the simulated scene to train the clinical thinking. This can not only solve the shortcomings of the previous simulation teaching and clinical teaching, but also stimulate students' interest in learning. According to the results of the questionnaire, students have a high acceptance of VP system simulation teaching. Through the results of homework and assessment and evaluation, the teaching results are better than before, and this teaching method should be further popularized.
ABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate the changes in the expression of protein interacting with Cα kinase 1 (PICK1) in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons during remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia in rats with incisional pain.Methods Thirty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 240-260 g, aged 42-49 days, were randomly divided into 4 groups (n =8 each) using a random number table: control group (group C) , incisional pain group (group Ⅰ) , remifentanil group (group R), and remifentanil + incisional pain group (group R + Ⅰ).In R and R+Ⅰ groups, remifentanil was infused intravenously for 60 min at the rate of 1.2 p,g · kg-1 · min-1.In C and Ⅰ groups, normal saline was infused intravenously for 60 min at the rate of 0.12 ml · kg-1 · min-1.In Ⅰ and R+Ⅰ groups, the model of incisional pain was established, and remifentanil and normal saline were infused intravenously, respectively, at the same time.The mechanical paw withdrawal threshold (MWT) and thermal paw withdrawal latency (TWL) were measured before normal saline or remifentanil infusion, and at 2, 6, 24, and 48 h after the end of normal saline or remifentanil infusion (T1-4).The rats were sacrificed after the last measurement of pain threshold.The lumbar segment (L4-6) of the spinal cord and left DRGs were removed for determination of the expression of PICKl mRNA (by quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction) and PICK1 protein (by Western blot).Results Compared with group C, the MWT was significantly decreased, the TWL was shortened, and the expression of PICK1 protein and mRNA was up-regulated in R and R+Ⅰ groups, and the MWT was significantly decreased, the TWL was shortened (P＜0.05) , and no significant change was found in the expression of PICK1 protein and mRNA in group Ⅰ (P＞0.05).Compared with group Ⅰ, the MWT was significantly decreased, the TWL was shortened, and the expression of PICK1 protein and mRNA was up-regulated in group R+Ⅰ (P＜0.05).Compared with group R, the MWT was significantly decreased, the TWL was shortened (P＜0.05) , and no significant change was found in the expression of PICK1 protein and mRNA in group R+ Ⅰ (P＞0.05).Conclusion The mechanism by which remifentanil induces hyperalgesia may be related to up-regulation of PICK1 expression in the spinal cord and DRG neurons of rats with incisional pain.
ABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate the effects of hydrogen on apoptosis in hippocampal neurons caused by sevoflurane anesthesia in neonatal rats.Methods Forty-eight healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats,aged 7 days,weighing 12-20 g,were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=16 each) using a random number table:control group (group C);sevoflurane anesthesia group (group S);hydrogen group (group H).In C and S groups,the rats inhaled 30％ oxygen and 3％ sevoflurane for 6 h,respectively.In group H,3％ sevoflurane and 2％ hydrogen were inhaled for 6 h.Eight rats in each group were randomly selected and sacrificed at 7 days after birth (after the end of oxygen,sevoflurane or hydrogen inhalation),and the hippocampus was removed for determination of the expression of activated caspase-3 and myelin basic protein by Western blot.At 28 days after birth,8 rats were selected,and Y-maze and Morris water maze tests were performed to evaluate the cognitive function.The total number of entries into each arm,the number of spontaneous alternation,escape latency and time of staying at the platform quadrant were recorded.Results Compared with group C,the percentage of spontaneous alternation was significantly decreased,the escape latency was prolonged,and the time of staying at the platform quadrant was shortened,and the expression of activated caspase-3 was significantly up-regulated,and the expression of myelin basic protein was down-regulated in group S.Compared with group S,the percentage of spontaneous alternation was significantly increased,the escape latency was shorten,and the time of staying at the platform quadrant was prolonged,and the expression of activated caspase-3 was significantly downregulated,and the expression of myelin basic protein was up-regulated in group H.There was no significant difference in the number of entries into each arm in Y-maze test between the three groups.Conclusion Hydrogen can inhibit apoptosis in hippocampal neurons caused by sevoflurane anesthesia in neonatal rats.
ABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate the effect of sevoflurane anesthesia on the expression of phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein (p-CREB) in the hippocampal neurons of developing rats.Methods Thirty-two healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 7 days, weighing 10-15 g, were equally and randomly divided into either control group (group C) or sevoflurane anesthesia group (group Sev) using a random number table.Group C inhaled 30％ oxygen for 6 h.Group Sev inhaled 3％ sevoflurane for 6 h.Eight rats in each group were sacrificed immediately after the end of oxygen or sevoflurane inhalation, and the hippocampus was removed for determination of the expression of p-CREB.The rats at ages 2 months underwent Morris water maze test.The rats were then sacrificed, and the hippocampus was removed for determination of the expression of p-CREB by Western blot.Results Compared with group C, the escape latency and swimming distance were significantly prolonged, the frequency of crossing the original platform was decreased, the percentage of the time of staying at the quadrant Ⅱ was decreased, and the expression of p-CREB in hippocampal neurons was down-regulated in group Sev.Conclusion The mechanism of sevoflurane anesthesia-induced neurotoxicity is related to inhibition of p-CREB expression in hippocampal neurons of developing rats.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the effects of propofol anesthesia on cognitive function of aged rats. Methods Ninety-six male aged SD rats (16 months) were collected and given propofol anesthesia via tail vein catheter. At 7, 30, and 90 d after anesthesia, fear conditioning experiment was performed to test long-term memory of the aged rats (12 rats at each time point, total 36 rats). At 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 d after anesthesia, spontaneous alternation in Y-maze experiment was performed to test spatial working memory of the aged rats (12 rats at each time point, total 60 rats). Results There were no statistical differences in long-term memory at 7, 30, and 90 d after anesthesia between the propofol group and control group (P>0.05). While spatial working memory of aged rats in propofol group was impaired at 1 and 2 d after anesthesia (P0.05). Conclusions These results indicate that clinical dose propofol anesthesia will not induce long-term memory impairment of aged rats, although it impairs spatial working memory of aged rats within 48 h after anesthesia.
ABSTRACT
Objective To understand the mastery situation of the knowledge about common infectious diseases among the prima-ry and middle school students,in order to provide the evidence for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases.Methods The stratified random cluster sampling method was adopted.The survey was performed by the questionnaire form.The data were analyzed by the Chi square test,logistic regression model in the SPSS17.00 statistical software.Results Among the primary and middle school students in Chongqing,the students mastering 75% of the basic knowledge about infectious diseases accounted for 24.6% of the total respondents (P<0.01).From the view of the distribution of disease entities,the top six diseases with the awareness rate of less than 60% were hepatitis B,bacterial dysentery,cholera,measles,pinworm and rabies respectively(P<0.01), whose awareness rates are under 60%(P<0.01).As for the level of mastery among different grades,the senior middle school students had a better knowledge of tuberculosis,flu,SARS,AIDS,hepatitis B,poliomyelitis,etc(P<0.01).Comparatively,the pri-mary school students grasped the knowledge of hand-foot-and-mouth disease and pinworm better(P<0.01).Conclusion The pri-mary and middle school students have a low awareness rate of infectious diseases.Pertinently strengthening the popularization of the knowledge about infectious diseases is the powerful measure for reducing the occurrence of infectious diseases and promote the healthy development of students.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the effect of sevoflurane anaesthesiaon the expression of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA ) receptor in the developing hippocampal neurons in neonatal rats .Methods Sixty-four healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats ,aged 7 days ,weighing 10-15 g ,were randomly divided into 2 groups with 32 rats in each group using a random number table:control group (group C ) and sevoflurane anaesthesia group (group S ) . Animals in group C inhaled 30% oxygen for 6 h ,while animals in group S inhaled 3% sevoflurane for 6 h .Y-maze test was performed in the rats at 21 and 28 days after birth to evaluate the memory function .On 7 days after birth (immediately after the end of oxygen inhalation or sevoflurane anesthesia ) ,and 14 ,21 and 28 days after birth ,the expression of 1 ,2A and 2B subunits-containing NMDA receptors in the total protein and membrane protein in hippocampal neurons was determined by Western blot .The ratio of NMDA receptors in the membrane protein to those in the total protein (m/t ratio ) was calculated .Results Compared with group C ,the percentage of spontaneous alternation was significantly decreased on 21 and 28 days after birth ,the expression of 1 ,2A and 2B subunits-containing NMDA receptors in the membrane protein was down-regulated on 7-28 days after birth ,and m/t ratio was decreased in group S ( P0.05 ) .Conclusion The mechaism by which sevoflurane anaesthesia induces memory impairment in neonatal rats is related to inhibition of trafficking of NMDA receptors in the developing hippocampal neurons to the cell membrane ,and down-regulation of the number of NMDA receptors in the membrane protein .
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the role of hippocampal α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) in sevoflurane-induced deficit in long-term cognitive function in neonatal rats.Methods Sixty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats,aged 7 days,weighing 10-15 g,were randomly divided into 4 groups (n =16each) using a random number table:control group (group C),sevoflurane anesthesia group (group S),sevoflurane anesthesia + α7nAChR agonist PNU-282987 group (group PS),and α7nAChR inhibitor MLA group (group M).In C and S groups,the rats inhaled 30％ oxygen and 3％ sevoflurane for 6 h,respectively.In group PS,PNU282987 (5 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally and 24 h later the rats were exposed to 3％ sevoflurane for 6 h.In group M,MLA 3 mg/kg was injected intrappritoneally and 24 h later the rats inhaled 30％ oxygen for 6 h.Eight rats in each group were randomly chosen and sacrificed immediately after oxygen or sevoflurane inhalation.The hippocampus was renoved for determination of the expression of α7nAChR and NR1,NR2A and NR2B subunitscontaining NMDA receptors in the total protein and membrane protein in hippocampal neurons.When the left rats in each group were raised to 2 months,Y-maze test was performed to detect the cognitive function.Results Compared with group C,the expression of α7nAChR and NR1,NR2A and NR2B subunits-containing NMDA receptors in the membrane protein was significantly down-regulated,and the percentage of spontaneous alternation was decreased in group S,the expression of NRI and NR2A subunits-containing NMDA receptors in the membrane protein was down-regulated (P ＜ 0.05),and no significant change was found in the expression of NR2B subunitscontaining NMDA receptors in the membrane protein and percentage of spontaneous alternation in group PS (P ＞ 0.05),and no significant change was found in the expression of NR1 and NR2A subunits-containing NMDA receptors in the membrane protein (P ＞ 0.05),and the expression of NR2B subunits-containing NMDA receptors in the membrane protein was down-regulated,and the percentage of spontaneous alternation was decreased in group M (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with group S,no significant change was found in the expression of NR1 and NR2A subunits-containing NMDA receptors in the membrane protein (P ＞ 0.05),and the expression of NR2B subunitscontaining NMDA receptors in the membrane protein was significantly up-regulated,and the percentage of spontaneous alternation was increased in PS group (P ＜ 0.05).There was no significant difference in the expression of α7nAChR and NR1,NR2A and NR2B subunits-containing NMDA receptors in the total protein and the number of entries into each arm in Y-maze test between the four groups (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion The mechanism by which sevoflurane induces deficit in long-term cognitive function may be related to decreased function of hippocampal α7nAChR and inhibition of function of NMDA receptors in neonatal rats.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the effects of olfactory bulb(OB) lesion on neural stem cells proliferation and expression of NMDA receptor subunit 2B in subventricular zone(SVZ) of rats.Methods Sixty adult female SD rats were randomly divided into normal group,saline group and OB lesion group.OB lesion was induced by N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) injection.Each group was respectively divided into four time points including 3 d,7 d,14 d and 28 d.Immunohistochemistry staining was used to detect the number of Nestin,Ki67 and NR2B-positive cells in the SVZ.Results (1) Nestin positive cells in the SVZ were shown at the different time of three groups.Seven days after OB lesion,IOD value of nestin-positive cells began to increase((29601± 1788)/0.01 mm2,P＜0.05),reached the maximum at 14 d((49800±3701)/0.01 mm2,P＜0.05) and still sustained a high level at 28 day((27600±3209)/0.01 mm2,P＜0.05).(2)Ki67 positive cells in the SVZ were shown at the different time of three groups.The number of Ki67-positive cells was increased significantly at 7 d,14 d and 28 d after OB lesion compared to normal group and saline group (P＜0.05).(3)NR2B immune expression in the SVZ was shown at the different time of three groups.The NR2B-positive cells increased at 3 d after OB lesion(58.80±2.95,P＜0.05),reached the maximum at 14 d(68.40±4.04,P＜0.05).At 28 d of OB lesion,the number of positive cells was reduced,but still sustained a high level(62.20±3.56,P＜0.05).(4)The positive cells of NR2B and Ki67 were highly positive correlation at different time after OB lesion(r=0.968,P＜0.05).Conclusions OB lesion can stimulate neural stem cell proliferation and increases the expression of NR2B.The increased mode of NR2B is in accordance with the schedule of the neural stem cells increase induced by OB lesion.Therefore,it indicates that the NMDA receptor subunit 2B may be involved in neural stem cell proliferation.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the impact of renal denervation on the blood pressure, plasma renalase content and expression of renalase and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the idney of spontaneous hypertensive (SH) rats and to explore the role of renal denervation in lowering the blood pressure.@*METHODS@#SH rats were randomly assigned into a baseline group, a surgery (renal denervation) group, a sham group and a control group (n=48). WKY rats matched in age (n=12) served as a baseline control group. All rats were housed until 12 weeks old. Then, the rats in the baseline group and the WKY group were sacrificed whose blood and kidney were collected for examination. In the renal denervation group, the sham group and the control group, the blood pressure was monitored continuously. One week and 6 weeks after the renal denervation, 6 rats in each group were sacrificed whose blood and kidney were collected. ELISA was employed to measure the plasma renalase and Western blot assay done to detect the expression of TH and renalase in the kidney.@*RESULTS@#Compared with WKY rats, blood pressure significantly increased and TH protein expression markedly elevated (P0.05). No pronounced differences in the above variables were found between the sham group and the control group at any time point (P>0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Renal denervation can lower the blood pressure, which may attribute to the suppression of sympathetic nerves, increase in plasma renalase content and renalase expression in the kidney.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Blood Pressure , Physiology , Hypertension , General Surgery , Kidney , Monoamine Oxidase , Blood , Metabolism , Rats, Inbred SHR , Sympathectomy , Methods , Sympathetic Nervous System , Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase , MetabolismABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of midodrine hydrochloride in the treatment of intradialysis hypotension (IDH)in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD)patients.Methods One hundred and tburteen MHD patients from 8 dialysis centers with IDH were enrolled in the study.These patients took orMly midodfine for 4～6 weeks.Midodrine(2.5～10 mg)was given 15～30 minutes after the beginning of hemodialysis,and another 2.5～10 mg was used during hemodialysis if systolic blood pressure(SBP)increased less than 20 mm Hg.The total usage of each dialysis session was not more than 20 mg.The pre-,intra-,post-hemodialysis blood pressure and heart rate,the pre-and post-hemodialysis body weight,the uhrafiitrated volume of each dialysis,the pre-and post-treatment liver and renal function and electrocardiogram were measured and recorded.The symptoms of IDH were observed. Results Compared to those before treatment with midodrine hydrochloride,the minimum intradialysis SBP and heart rate at that time,the post-dialysis SBP and heart rate,and total uhrafiitrated volume changed significanlly (P＜0.01).The total effective rate was 84.2%.And the symptoms of IDH were improved significantly (P＜0.01).The side effects were observed in only 2 patients.Conclusion Midodrine iS safe and effective for the treatment of IDH.
ABSTRACT
In this paper is presented an analysis of the mechanical effect of horizontal rotating bioreactor on cell culture. Getting the microgravity of the bioreactor and the shear stress on canine mesenchymal stem cells (cMSCs) with theoretic calculating model and differential equations, we have validated the density,growth rate and modality of cultured cell by scanning electron microscopy. The horizontal rotating bioreactor which we developed could create the mechanic environment of microgravity (K<8.38 X 10(-2))and low shear stress(r<1.62 dyn/cm2) in theory. The results of scanning electron microscopy indicated that the cells' growth-speed, quantity and modality in bioreactor were better than those of cells cultured in static 24-well plate. The mechanical environment of the rotating bioreactor is propitious for keeping better modality and more rapid proliferation of cMSCs. The rotating bioreactor is a novel approach and technique it is superior to static culture.
Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Bioreactors , Bone Marrow Cells , Cell Biology , Cell Culture Techniques , Methods , Cell Proliferation , Cells, Cultured , Mechanotransduction, Cellular , Physiology , Mesenchymal Stem Cells , Cell Biology , Rotation , Tissue Engineering , MethodsABSTRACT
A serocpidemiologic study was conducted to approach the relation between HBV infection and PLC. In PLC patients, the positivity rates of HBsAg and anti-HBc are higher than that in the tumor and donors groups, but that of anti-HBs is lower. No significant difference between the HBV infections rates for PLA patients and donors was found. HBV infections pattern of patients with liver cirrhosis is very close to that of those with PLC.The outcome prompts that there is a relation between HBV infection and PLC, but it is not only one.